Saturday, July 6, 2013

How to Define Camera Exposure

How to Define Camera Exposure

Understanding how camera exposure works is essential when shooting film, as you cannot visually preview the results of your settings. In the realm of digital photography, most cameras have automatic exposure settings, but knowing how to manually override the automatic exposure can help you quickly achieve more accurate results. The following instructions detail how to determine camera exposure according to your light meter's guidance.

Instructions

    1

    Purchase fresh batteries for your camera. Older film cameras will still take images with a dead battery even though the light meter will not function properly. Newer film and digital cameras will not turn on at all without a charged battery.

    2

    Set the film speed. This is essential for a film camera, as the light meter will misread the amount of light in a scene and incorrectly expose the film otherwise. Older cameras have a dial marked "ISO" or "ASA" with numbers in a range from 100 to 1600. Newer film cameras may have an ISO button that should be pressed while using a scroll button to choose the options displayed in a digital panel. Digital cameras allow you to choose any film speed, though the higher the number, the grainier the image becomes.

    3

    Set your camera mode to "Manual" (M) if you have an option to do so. Older cameras are often only manual. Newer cameras have "Program" (P) mode, which denies you control of your camera exposure.

    4

    Determine how your light meter conveys overexposure or underexposure. With older cameras, this could be as simple as a needle in the viewfinder that balances between a plus and minus sign when proper exposure has been reached. Other cameras may have a series of dots or boxes that increase toward a plus or minus sign, indicating proper exposure with only one box in the center of the signs. Consult your camera's manual if necessary.

    5

    Alter your camera's shutter speed until your light meter indicates that you have reached a proper exposure. This is done by turning the shutter speed dial on older cameras. This dial will feature numbers such as 2, 4, 8, 15 to about 1000. Newer cameras have a scroll that allows you to browse these numbers on a digital panel. As you change shutter speeds, you will see your light meter's indicator light or needle move. Once proper exposure has been indicated, note the resulting shutter speed and aperture combination, and take your picture. If you move your camera even slightly, the indicator may change entirely. Different scenes may need different amounts of light for a proper exposure.

    6

    Consider that there is more than just one shutter speed and aperture combination that will work for a given scene. If the meter says that a shutter speed of 1/60 at an aperture of f/8 is the proper exposure, and you want a faster shutter speed of 1/125, you can change it, but you also need to change the aperture to compensate. Therefore, if you let in one stop less light by shortening the shutter speed to 1/125, you must let in one stop more light by widening the aperture to f/5.6. In this way, many combinations are possible, as your light meter will affirm as you change settings.


How to Define Camera Exposure

Understanding how camera exposure works is essential when shooting film, as you cannot visually preview the results of your settings. In the realm of digital photography, most cameras have automatic exposure settings, but knowing how to manually override the automatic exposure can help you quickly achieve more accurate results. The following instructions detail how to determine camera exposure according to your light meter's guidance.

Instructions

    1

    Purchase fresh batteries for your camera. Older film cameras will still take images with a dead battery even though the light meter will not function properly. Newer film and digital cameras will not turn on at all without a charged battery.

    2

    Set the film speed. This is essential for a film camera, as the light meter will misread the amount of light in a scene and incorrectly expose the film otherwise. Older cameras have a dial marked "ISO" or "ASA" with numbers in a range from 100 to 1600. Newer film cameras may have an ISO button that should be pressed while using a scroll button to choose the options displayed in a digital panel. Digital cameras allow you to choose any film speed, though the higher the number, the grainier the image becomes.

    3

    Set your camera mode to "Manual" (M) if you have an option to do so.

    Enhance your photography skill,The Top Secret Photography Techniques

    . Older cameras are often only manual. Newer cameras have "Program" (P) mode, which denies you control of your camera exposure.

    4

    Determine how your light meter conveys overexposure or underexposure. With older cameras, this could be as simple as a needle in the viewfinder that balances between a plus and minus sign when proper exposure has been reached. Other cameras may have a series of dots or boxes that increase toward a plus or minus sign, indicating proper exposure with only one box in the center of the signs. Consult your camera's manual if necessary.

    5

    Alter your camera's shutter speed until your light meter indicates that you have reached a proper exposure. This is done by turning the shutter speed dial on older cameras. This dial will feature numbers such as 2, 4, 8, 15 to about 1000. Newer cameras have a scroll that allows you to browse these numbers on a digital panel. As you change shutter speeds, you will see your light meter's indicator light or needle move. Once proper exposure has been indicated, note the resulting shutter speed and aperture combination, and take your picture. If you move your camera even slightly, the indicator may change entirely. Different scenes may need different amounts of light for a proper exposure.

    6

    Consider that there is more than just one shutter speed and aperture combination that will work for a given scene. If the meter says that a shutter speed of 1/60 at an aperture of f/8 is the proper exposure, and you want a faster shutter speed of 1/125, you can change it, but you also need to change the aperture to compensate. Therefore, if you let in one stop less light by shortening the shutter speed to 1/125, you must let in one stop more light by widening the aperture to f/5.6. In this way, many combinations are possible, as your light meter will affirm as you change settings.



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Thursday, July 4, 2013

How to Photograph the Night Sky

Because of its beauty, the night sky is one of the most photographed scenes in the world of photography. Because of its simplicity and vastness, the sky can be photographed from any location. However, there are several techniques that a photographer must know before taking a picture of the night sky. By learning them you will be able to get the most out of your picture.

Instructions

    1

    Decide what type of night sky you want to photograph. If you want to take a picture of the stars, then you need to find a location that is far from artificial lighting. On the other hand, if you want to take a picture of a cityscape, you will take advantage of the city's artificial lighting to photograph the section that interests you.

    2

    Place the camera onto a tripod. Although this is not essential, it will greatly reduce the amount of camera shake and steady your shot.

    3

    Attach a flash to your camera. If your camera has a built-in flash, it should pop open automatically.

    4

    Set the ISO sensitivity to 100. This is a standard setting and is recommended to capture the light of the sky. Adjust the aperture to its highest setting so the lens is fully open.

    5

    Set the release timer for about 10 seconds. This will prevent any jerking of the camera when you press the release button from disturbing the alignment of your shot.

    6

    Take several shots from different locations. Take pictures of the moon, stars, and the overall landscape.


Because of its beauty, the night sky is one of the most photographed scenes in the world of photography. Because of its simplicity and vastness, the sky can be photographed from any location. However, there are several techniques that a photographer must know before taking a picture of the night sky. By learning them you will be able to get the most out of your picture.

Instructions

    1

    Decide what type of night sky you want to photograph. If you want to take a picture of the stars, then you need to find a location that is far from artificial lighting. On the other hand, if you want to take a picture of a cityscape, you will take advantage of the city's artificial lighting to photograph the section that interests you.

    2

    Place the camera onto a tripod. Although this is not essential, it will greatly reduce the amount of camera shake and steady your shot.

    3

    Attach a flash to your camera. If your camera has a built-in flash, it should pop open automatically.

    4

    Set the ISO sensitivity to 100. This is a standard setting and is recommended to capture the light of the sky. Adjust the aperture to its highest setting so the lens is fully open.

    5

    Set the release timer for about 10 seconds.

    Enhance your photography skill,The Top Secret Photography Techniques

    . This will prevent any jerking of the camera when you press the release button from disturbing the alignment of your shot.

    6

    Take several shots from different locations. Take pictures of the moon, stars, and the overall landscape.



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Wednesday, July 3, 2013

About Medical Photographers

About Medical Photographers

Medical photography is a less often mentioned career that proves to be a very important one within the medical community. We generally see the work of medical photographers in medical pamphlets, science textbooks and perhaps in images on medical television shows. Images may also be used in scientific reports and journals and as a means of study among those in various healthcare professions. This style of art shows the human body in its most vulnerable form, as photographers capture internal and external images of the body, injuries, diseases and medical procedures.

Significance

    Medical photographers not only need to be excellent at their craft, they also need to have a great deal of knowledge and understanding in science and medicine. Whether working in a hospital, clinical or forensic setting, a successful medical photographer will be able to produce images sufficient for study as well as use in medical articles and publications.

Features

    Disciplines within medical illustration include clinical photography, medical art, graphic design and healthcare photos and videography. In addition to just taking pictures, medical photographers may also use technology, including photomicrography, computers and design software, in producing their images.

Function

    Medical photographers may take photos of patients to help diagnose, track and record treatments. Some may take pictures or video of operations, which can be used for later medical instruction. Photomicrography may be used to show microscopic images in greater detail.

Considerations

    Health Occupations Students of America (HOSA) suggests that high school students interested in pursuing a career in medical photography should take classes in art, biology, chemistry, algebra, photography, drawing and design, English, history, graphic arts, printing, health occupations/medical professions education and computer illustration. Most often a bachelor's degree and extensive experience in photography is also required before pursuing medical photography as a career.

Considerations

    Individuals may become certified in medical photography through the BioCommunications Association, which describes its organization as an international professional association of people working in the biological communications field. In order to become certified, one must successfully complete a written exam, a practical exam and a demonstration of competency.

Benefits

    According to CBsalary.com, the U.S. National Average Salary for medical photography is $28,319, with a salary range of $23,400 to $39,339. However, the average salary for ophthalmic photographer is listed as $41,279. The average for scientific and biomedical photographers is $39,588. Some medical photographers also work on a freelance basis.


About Medical Photographers

Medical photography is a less often mentioned career that proves to be a very important one within the medical community. We generally see the work of medical photographers in medical pamphlets, science textbooks and perhaps in images on medical television shows. Images may also be used in scientific reports and journals and as a means of study among those in various healthcare professions. This style of art shows the human body in its most vulnerable form, as photographers capture internal and external images of the body, injuries, diseases and medical procedures.

Significance

    Medical photographers not only need to be excellent at their craft, they also need to have a great deal of knowledge and understanding in science and medicine. Whether working in a hospital, clinical or forensic setting, a successful medical photographer will be able to produce images sufficient for study as well as use in medical articles and publications.

Features

    Disciplines within medical illustration include clinical photography, medical art, graphic design and healthcare photos and videography.

    Enhance your photography skill,The Top Secret Photography Techniques

    . In addition to just taking pictures, medical photographers may also use technology, including photomicrography, computers and design software, in producing their images.

Function

    Medical photographers may take photos of patients to help diagnose, track and record treatments. Some may take pictures or video of operations, which can be used for later medical instruction. Photomicrography may be used to show microscopic images in greater detail.

Considerations

    Health Occupations Students of America (HOSA) suggests that high school students interested in pursuing a career in medical photography should take classes in art, biology, chemistry, algebra, photography, drawing and design, English, history, graphic arts, printing, health occupations/medical professions education and computer illustration. Most often a bachelor's degree and extensive experience in photography is also required before pursuing medical photography as a career.

Considerations

    Individuals may become certified in medical photography through the BioCommunications Association, which describes its organization as an international professional association of people working in the biological communications field. In order to become certified, one must successfully complete a written exam, a practical exam and a demonstration of competency.

Benefits

    According to CBsalary.com, the U.S. National Average Salary for medical photography is $28,319, with a salary range of $23,400 to $39,339. However, the average salary for ophthalmic photographer is listed as $41,279. The average for scientific and biomedical photographers is $39,588. Some medical photographers also work on a freelance basis.



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Tuesday, July 2, 2013

Camera Shots & Techniques

Camera Shots & Techniques

Camera shots, and the techniques to capture them, are limited only by the photographer's imagination. There are shots and techniques that will enable you to take pictures of buildings, people, animals or nature. And while it is not necessary to have an expensive camera with detachable lenses, it makes many of the shots and techniques easier to accomplish.

Key Photography Terms to Consider

    F-Stop:

    The "f-stop" refers to how wide the aperture is. The lower the f-stop, the wider the aperture is. This lets in more light---better for low light conditions---but it also renders the background out of focus. This is desirable for portraits because the subject should be the main focus. However, higher f-stops---f/22 or higher---will render the foreground, subject and background in focus. This is desirable for landscape photography so nothing is blurry.

    Shutter Speed:

    The shutter speed of any camera is how long the shutter stays open allowing light to hit the lens. A higher shutter speed can stop motion, whereas a slow shutter speed will create blur. Shutter speed also factors into lighting conditions. The longer the shutter is open, the more light will hit the sensor. This is desirable for low light conditions but often requires a tripod to prevent camera shake. Faster shutter speeds are desirable when a tripod is not available or the subject is moving.

Portrait

    A portrait shot is a picture of a person whose face is the main focus. There are several techniques to accomplish the photographer's desired look. Many portraits are taken indoors utilizing specialized lighting, synchronized to your camera's shutter, to highlight the subject's most flattering features.

    Another way to shoot a portrait is to utilize natural light. This can be done indoors using the light from a window, or outdoors when the light is warm. It helps to use a reflector when using natural light to fill in the shadows created when the subject is lit from one side.

    Most portraits are shot with a lower "f-stop" in order to render the background out of focus. This makes the subject the central figure in the picture. Use as low a f-stop as possible to get the most desired results. Shutter speed is not as important. Expose the scene properly using the lowest f-stop to attain proper scene exposure.

Landscape

    Landscape shots are pictures taken of "scenery" from the photographer's point of view. This can be of mountains, forests, deserts, or any expanse of land. The technique to capture a landscape can vary depending on the desired result. Utilizing a wide-angle lens can often more accurately capture the intended look from the photographer's point of view. Also, using a higher "f-stop" will make sure that everything is in focus. Shutter speed will vary based on lighting conditions.

Macro

    Macro photography is the act of zooming in very close to a subject in order to capture the smallest details. Pictures of water droplets, insects, or even the pollen on flowers are all created using macro photography. The technique is simply to move your camera lens as close to the subject as possible to record every minute detail. However, the best macro pictures are taken with macro lenses.

    Different macro lenses work better with different subjects. For example, a 50 to 60mm lens will require you to get closer to the subject. A 150 to 200mm lens will allow you to be farther away from the subject, which is needed for unpredictable subjects such as insects.

    Macro photography almost always requires a tripod to compensate for camera shake.

Action

    Action shots are pictures of anything moving. Cars driving, sports, or a child playing can all be captured using action photography. There are various types of action shots. You can "freeze" the action by using a high shutter speed. 1/250 of a second is sufficient to stop most action. You can use a slower shutter speed to show the motion of the action at hand. There is also a technique called "panning" where the photographer follows the subject as it travels by him before taking the picture. This "freezes" the subject while rendering the background blurred and thus showing the motion of the scene.

Night

    Night photography is any picture shot in low light. The best technique to capture low light images is by utilizing a tripod, a slow shutter speed, and a wide open aperture. This allows the most light to enter the camera and render the scene visible.

Considerations

    It is important to know that these shots and techniques can be used with both film and digital cameras. While there used to be differences in capture ability between the two types of cameras, this is no longer true. Exposure---shutter speed and aperture size-- is measured and selected in exactly the same way.

    The major difference between the two is the convenience of digital photography. You can take as many photos as your storage card can hold. Also, you no longer have to use special film for different photographic situations.

    Play with shutter speeds, aperture sizes, and take as many pictures as you can. Each subject can be shot in a variety of creative ways so it is beneficial to try each shot several ways.


Camera Shots & Techniques

Camera shots, and the techniques to capture them, are limited only by the photographer's imagination. There are shots and techniques that will enable you to take pictures of buildings, people, animals or nature. And while it is not necessary to have an expensive camera with detachable lenses, it makes many of the shots and techniques easier to accomplish.

Key Photography Terms to Consider

    F-Stop:

    The "f-stop" refers to how wide the aperture is. The lower the f-stop, the wider the aperture is. This lets in more light---better for low light conditions---but it also renders the background out of focus. This is desirable for portraits because the subject should be the main focus. However, higher f-stops---f/22 or higher---will render the foreground, subject and background in focus. This is desirable for landscape photography so nothing is blurry.

    Shutter Speed:

    The shutter speed of any camera is how long the shutter stays open allowing light to hit the lens.

    Enhance your photography skill,The Top Secret Photography Techniques

    . A higher shutter speed can stop motion, whereas a slow shutter speed will create blur. Shutter speed also factors into lighting conditions. The longer the shutter is open, the more light will hit the sensor. This is desirable for low light conditions but often requires a tripod to prevent camera shake. Faster shutter speeds are desirable when a tripod is not available or the subject is moving.

Portrait

    A portrait shot is a picture of a person whose face is the main focus. There are several techniques to accomplish the photographer's desired look. Many portraits are taken indoors utilizing specialized lighting, synchronized to your camera's shutter, to highlight the subject's most flattering features.

    Another way to shoot a portrait is to utilize natural light. This can be done indoors using the light from a window, or outdoors when the light is warm. It helps to use a reflector when using natural light to fill in the shadows created when the subject is lit from one side.

    Most portraits are shot with a lower "f-stop" in order to render the background out of focus. This makes the subject the central figure in the picture. Use as low a f-stop as possible to get the most desired results. Shutter speed is not as important. Expose the scene properly using the lowest f-stop to attain proper scene exposure.

Landscape

    Landscape shots are pictures taken of "scenery" from the photographer's point of view. This can be of mountains, forests, deserts, or any expanse of land. The technique to capture a landscape can vary depending on the desired result. Utilizing a wide-angle lens can often more accurately capture the intended look from the photographer's point of view. Also, using a higher "f-stop" will make sure that everything is in focus. Shutter speed will vary based on lighting conditions.

Macro

    Macro photography is the act of zooming in very close to a subject in order to capture the smallest details. Pictures of water droplets, insects, or even the pollen on flowers are all created using macro photography. The technique is simply to move your camera lens as close to the subject as possible to record every minute detail. However, the best macro pictures are taken with macro lenses.

    Different macro lenses work better with different subjects. For example, a 50 to 60mm lens will require you to get closer to the subject. A 150 to 200mm lens will allow you to be farther away from the subject, which is needed for unpredictable subjects such as insects.

    Macro photography almost always requires a tripod to compensate for camera shake.

Action

    Action shots are pictures of anything moving. Cars driving, sports, or a child playing can all be captured using action photography. There are various types of action shots. You can "freeze" the action by using a high shutter speed. 1/250 of a second is sufficient to stop most action. You can use a slower shutter speed to show the motion of the action at hand. There is also a technique called "panning" where the photographer follows the subject as it travels by him before taking the picture. This "freezes" the subject while rendering the background blurred and thus showing the motion of the scene.

Night

    Night photography is any picture shot in low light. The best technique to capture low light images is by utilizing a tripod, a slow shutter speed, and a wide open aperture. This allows the most light to enter the camera and render the scene visible.

Considerations

    It is important to know that these shots and techniques can be used with both film and digital cameras. While there used to be differences in capture ability between the two types of cameras, this is no longer true. Exposure---shutter speed and aperture size-- is measured and selected in exactly the same way.

    The major difference between the two is the convenience of digital photography. You can take as many photos as your storage card can hold. Also, you no longer have to use special film for different photographic situations.

    Play with shutter speeds, aperture sizes, and take as many pictures as you can. Each subject can be shot in a variety of creative ways so it is beneficial to try each shot several ways.



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Monday, July 1, 2013

Starting a Photography Portfolio

Starting a Photography Portfolio

Photos

    If you want to be a professional photographer, you need a well-rounded portfolio. Whether your portfolio is a leather-bound book or a series of images mounted for presentation, your photos should be at least 5 by 7 inches but preferably 8 by 10. Your images should include interior and exterior shots, both in black and white and in color. Lighting variations in your landscapes or portraits can showcase your versatility. But if your preferred medium is digital, you should still include a few pages of film shots because some prospective clients might prefer film. Also, don't cover your portfolio photos with clear plastic--the plastic might reflect glare, making the images difficult to see clearly.

Presentation

    Having more than one portfolio centering on themes is helpful when your potential client is planning a wedding or a fashion shoot. The photographs in any portfolio should be of the best quality possible--not just the image, but the prints. High-grade paper and rich colors can go a long way. You can also mount your photos on foam board. Buy foam board and acid-free spray glue at a hobby store, and choose a color of foam board that will complement your photos. To leave a visible edge around your photos and give them a framed look, cut your foam board to size, lay your photo face down and spray it with the adhesive. Place the photo onto the center of the foam board and use a rolling pin on the photo to remove any air bubbles.

Online Portfolio

    Creating an online portfolio with a website is an excellent way to present your photography. Free photography portfolio websites are available, but you can hire a professional if you aren't web-savvy. Also, you don't have to upload every good picture you've ever taken. Be selective in the material that you present. Group images with similar content together and show your range in a medley of photos. Of course, any photography portfolio should include contact information, and a small biography.


Starting a Photography Portfolio

Photos

    If you want to be a professional photographer, you need a well-rounded portfolio. Whether your portfolio is a leather-bound book or a series of images mounted for presentation, your photos should be at least 5 by 7 inches but preferably 8 by 10. Your images should include interior and exterior shots, both in black and white and in color. Lighting variations in your landscapes or portraits can showcase your versatility. But if your preferred medium is digital, you should still include a few pages of film shots because some prospective clients might prefer film. Also, don't cover your portfolio photos with clear plastic--the plastic might reflect glare, making the images difficult to see clearly.

Presentation

    Having more than one portfolio centering on themes is helpful when your potential client is planning a wedding or a fashion shoot.

    Enhance your photography skill,The Top Secret Photography Techniques

    . The photographs in any portfolio should be of the best quality possible--not just the image, but the prints. High-grade paper and rich colors can go a long way. You can also mount your photos on foam board. Buy foam board and acid-free spray glue at a hobby store, and choose a color of foam board that will complement your photos. To leave a visible edge around your photos and give them a framed look, cut your foam board to size, lay your photo face down and spray it with the adhesive. Place the photo onto the center of the foam board and use a rolling pin on the photo to remove any air bubbles.

Online Portfolio

    Creating an online portfolio with a website is an excellent way to present your photography. Free photography portfolio websites are available, but you can hire a professional if you aren't web-savvy. Also, you don't have to upload every good picture you've ever taken. Be selective in the material that you present. Group images with similar content together and show your range in a medley of photos. Of course, any photography portfolio should include contact information, and a small biography.



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