
Most camera systems are designed to give a field of view that approximates the human eye. Most common snapshots are intended to capture what the photographer sees, much like he sees it at the time of exposure. When a hobbyist starts to explore creative vision, changing lenses is a logical step toward looking at the world differently.
Telephoto Lenses
To approximate the field of vision for a 35 millimeter camera a lens with a focal length of about 50 to 55mm is required. Telephoto lenses are any length longer than this. Usually the next step up is about 75mm and focal lengths go to 300mm, 500mm and beyond. These lenses provide increased telescopic effect as the focal length increases, so you can focus on small segments of a landscape, or fill the frame with a portrait subject's face without casting shadows.
Macro Lenses
Macro photography is described as taking a photo where the resulting image is the same size or larger than the subject. Specially designed lenses, called macro lenses, can provide this through an arrangement of lens elements. While macro lenses will have focal length designations similar to regular lenses, they will have extra capabilities and are usually optimized for 1:1 magnification ratios. Because of the improved optics, macro lenses are usually superior lenses across their whole range.
Magnifying Filters
Flexibility can be added to your existing lenses by adding close-up filters. In essence, a close-up filter adds another element to your lens that allows further enlargement of subjects. Magnifying filters are available in various strengths. These filters are best used in bright light situations as they tend to reduce the depth of field.
Extension Tubes and Lens Reversal Rings
Another way to get extra use from your existing lenses is to add an extension tube or a ring to reverse your normal lens. By changing the distance from lens to film, an extension tube lets the image expand so that the film frame captures a portion of the image it would not normally take. Reversing the lens reverses the optical effect of reducing a large scene to a small piece of film by capturing a smaller scene and making it larger at the film plane.

Most camera systems are designed to give a field of view that approximates the human eye. Most common snapshots are intended to capture what the photographer sees, much like he sees it at the time of exposure. When a hobbyist starts to explore creative vision, changing lenses is a logical step toward looking at the world differently.
Telephoto Lenses
To approximate the field of vision for a 35 millimeter camera a lens with a focal length of about 50 to 55mm is required. Telephoto lenses are any length longer than this. Usually the next step up is about 75mm and focal lengths go to 300mm, 500mm and beyond. These lenses provide increased telescopic effect as the focal length increases, so you can focus on small segments of a landscape, or fill the frame with a portrait subject's face without casting shadows.
Macro Lenses
Macro photography is described as taking a photo where the resulting image is the same size or larger than the subject. Specially designed lenses, called macro lenses, can provide this through an arrangement of lens elements. While macro lenses will have focal length designations similar to regular lenses, they will have extra capabilities and are usually optimized for 1:1 magnification ratios. Because of the improved optics, macro lenses are usually superior lenses across their whole range.
Magnifying Filters
Flexibility can be added to your existing lenses by adding close-up filters. In essence, a close-up filter adds another element to your lens that allows further enlargement of subjects. Magnifying filters are available in various strengths. These filters are best used in bright light situations as they tend to reduce the depth of field.
Extension Tubes and Lens Reversal Rings
Another way to get extra use from your existing lenses is to add an extension tube or a ring to reverse your normal lens. By changing the distance from lens to film, an extension tube lets the image expand so that the film frame captures a portion of the image it would not normally take. Reversing the lens reverses the optical effect of reducing a large scene to a small piece of film by capturing a smaller scene and making it larger at the film plane.
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