Saturday, March 2, 2019

History of Camera Film & Printing

History of Camera Film & Printing

Photography literally means "writing with light," and film has served for more than a century as the canvas on which photographers make their art. Although the roots for photographic film were established millennia ago, it was in the 19th century that the first true innovations would take place that allowed the capture and preservation of indelible images.

Camera Obscura

    The camera obscura ("dark room" in Latin) dates back to ancient times and consists of a dark room and a strategically placed hole in a wall. On the opposite wall an upside-down image would show, allowing portrait painters to produce very realistic paintings. In 1826, the Frenchman Joseph-Nicphore Nipce utilized the camera obscura principle and combined it with a graphic process known as lithography. Through this technique he produced the first known photograph, a view out of his room window. The image, though, was grainy and required an exposure of eight hours of sunlight, according to the "Encyclopedia of Twentieth-Century Photography."

Daguerreotype

    In 1829, another Frenchman, Louis-Jacques-Mand Daguerre, contacted Nipce after finding out about the latter's discovery. Together, they found ways to capture an image using light-sensitive silver iodide compounds. They exposed a copper plate to iodine vapor, so a coating of silver iodide would form on top of it, and then utilized this plate as a canvas. Daguerre later found ways to make the image permanent by using mercury as a developing agent and then fixing it in what was known as Hyposulfite of soda, "hypo" for short. The result, a high-quality image known as a daguerreotype, became very popular at the time.

Calotype

    At the same time, an Englishman named William Henry Fox Talbot developed his own technique that first resulted in negative images. Talbot then placed the negative image on top of another layer of light-sensitive paper and exposed both slips of paper to sunlight. This resulted in a positive image called a calotype, and enabled several identical images to be produced from the same negative, unlike a daguerreotype. However, the clarity and detail of calotype images paled in comparison to those of daguerreotypes.

Wet Colloidon

    Then in 1851, another Englishman named Frederick Scott Archer developed the wet colloidon process, which combined the image clarity of daguerreotypes with the ability of taking multiple positives of images like the calotype process. However, under this process, photographers needed to have a portable darkroom whenever they were taking pictures. For instance, notable Civil War photographer Mathew Brady captured images of war from a traveling darkroom inside a horse-drawn wagon.

Color Films

    Following the lead of James Clerk Maxwell, a Scottish physicist who showed that all colors could be represented by the three primary colors (red, green and blue), the Lumire brothers invented in 1907 the autochrome process, which integrated several layers of dyed starch grains made of primary colors. The results of this process weren't a close parallel to reality and were more similar to an Impressionist painting. It wasn't until two research scientists at the Eastman Kodak Co. came up with the Kodachrome process in 1935 that realistic colors in photography became possible.

Evolution of Film

    Over time, emulsions (the light-sensitive substance in films) became more sensitive, allowing much shorter exposures. Advances in the materials used to suspend the emulsion also helped in the development of photography, first with the invention of gelatin and later with the development of thin, flexible cellulose. The combination of gelatin with cellulose made possible the use of rolls of film, which in turn allowed images to be photographed quickly and sequentially. George Eastman of Eastman Kodak took full advantage of this development, manufacturing some of the first consumer-based cameras.

Advances in Printing

    Since the beginning of the 20th century, printing processes were divided in prints produced by direct exposure to light, and negatives that could produce multiple positive prints after proper development. The direct printing of positive images, known back then as the albumen process, was the most popular at the beginning of the century. Silver gelatin and colloidon were frequently used print emulsions at the time, with the latter falling out of vogue by the 1920s. Throughout the century, silver gelatin prints were available in several types, ranging from " soft" papers requiring longer exposures to "hard" papers that enabled a wider range of tones. Then in the 1970s, resin-coated papers were introduced to accelerate processing.


History of Camera Film & Printing

Photography literally means "writing with light," and film has served for more than a century as the canvas on which photographers make their art. Although the roots for photographic film were established millennia ago, it was in the 19th century that the first true innovations would take place that allowed the capture and preservation of indelible images.

Camera Obscura

    The camera obscura ("dark room" in Latin) dates back to ancient times and consists of a dark room and a strategically placed hole in a wall. On the opposite wall an upside-down image would show, allowing portrait painters to produce very realistic paintings. In 1826, the Frenchman Joseph-Nicphore Nipce utilized the camera obscura principle and combined it with a graphic process known as lithography. Through this technique he produced the first known photograph, a view out of his room window. The image, though, was grainy and required an exposure of eight hours of sunlight, according to the "Encyclopedia of Twentieth-Century Photography."

Daguerreotype

    In 1829, another Frenchman, Louis-Jacques-Mand Daguerre, contacted Nipce after finding out about the latter's discovery. Together, they found ways to capture an image using light-sensitive silver iodide compounds. They exposed a copper plate to iodine vapor, so a coating of silver iodide would form on top of it, and then utilized this plate as a canvas. Daguerre later found ways to make the image permanent by using mercury as a developing agent and then fixing it in what was known as Hyposulfite of soda, "hypo" for short. The result, a high-quality image known as a daguerreotype, became very popular at the time.

Calotype

    At the same time, an Englishman named William Henry Fox Talbot developed his own technique that first resulted in negative images. Talbot then placed the negative image on top of another layer of light-sensitive paper and exposed both slips of paper to sunlight. This resulted in a positive image called a calotype, and enabled several identical images to be produced from the same negative, unlike a daguerreotype. However, the clarity and detail of calotype images paled in comparison to those of daguerreotypes.

Wet Colloidon

    Then in 1851, another Englishman named Frederick Scott Archer developed the wet colloidon process, which combined the image clarity of daguerreotypes with the ability of taking multiple positives of images like the calotype process. However, under this process, photographers needed to have a portable darkroom whenever they were taking pictures. For instance, notable Civil War photographer Mathew Brady captured images of war from a traveling darkroom inside a horse-drawn wagon.

Color Films

    Following the lead of James Clerk Maxwell, a Scottish physicist who showed that all colors could be represented by the three primary colors (red, green and blue), the Lumire brothers invented in 1907 the autochrome process, which integrated several layers of dyed starch grains made of primary colors. The results of this process weren't a close parallel to reality and were more similar to an Impressionist painting.

    Enhance your photography skill,The Top Secret Photography Techniques

    . It wasn't until two research scientists at the Eastman Kodak Co. came up with the Kodachrome process in 1935 that realistic colors in photography became possible.

Evolution of Film

    Over time, emulsions (the light-sensitive substance in films) became more sensitive, allowing much shorter exposures. Advances in the materials used to suspend the emulsion also helped in the development of photography, first with the invention of gelatin and later with the development of thin, flexible cellulose. The combination of gelatin with cellulose made possible the use of rolls of film, which in turn allowed images to be photographed quickly and sequentially. George Eastman of Eastman Kodak took full advantage of this development, manufacturing some of the first consumer-based cameras.

Advances in Printing

    Since the beginning of the 20th century, printing processes were divided in prints produced by direct exposure to light, and negatives that could produce multiple positive prints after proper development. The direct printing of positive images, known back then as the albumen process, was the most popular at the beginning of the century. Silver gelatin and colloidon were frequently used print emulsions at the time, with the latter falling out of vogue by the 1920s. Throughout the century, silver gelatin prints were available in several types, ranging from " soft" papers requiring longer exposures to "hard" papers that enabled a wider range of tones. Then in the 1970s, resin-coated papers were introduced to accelerate processing.



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